Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in one or both lungs. The air sacs in the lungs may fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe and reducing the amount of oxygen reaching the bloodstream. Pneumonia can range from mild to severe and may affect people of any age.

Common Symptoms of Pneumonia

• Cough, which may produce mucus
• Fever and chills
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain, especially while breathing or coughing
• Fatigue and weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea or vomiting in some cases
• Confusion, particularly in older adults

Causes of Pneumonia

Pneumonia can be caused by different types of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Bacterial pneumonia is a common form, while viral pneumonia can occur with respiratory infections such as influenza or other viral illnesses. The specific cause can influence the recommended treatment.

Risk Factors

• Older age or very young age
• Chronic lung or heart conditions
• Diabetes or other long-term health conditions
• Weakened immune system
• Smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke
• Recent respiratory infection
• Hospitalization or prolonged immobility

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on symptoms, medical history, and a physical examination. A healthcare professional may recommend a chest X-ray, blood tests, oxygen measurement, or examination of a sputum sample. Additional tests may be performed when the cause or severity of the infection is unclear.

Treatment and Management

Treatment depends on the cause and severity of pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia may require antibiotics, while viral pneumonia is often managed with supportive care unless specific antiviral treatment is appropriate. Severe cases may require hospitalization, oxygen therapy, intravenous medications, or other respiratory support.

Prevention

• Stay up to date with recommended vaccinations
• Practice regular hand hygiene
• Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke
• Maintain good nutrition and general health
• Avoid close contact with people who have contagious respiratory infections
• Manage underlying medical conditions appropriately

When to Seek Medical Attention

Seek medical attention if you develop persistent fever, worsening cough, increasing shortness of breath, chest pain, or significant weakness. Severe difficulty breathing, bluish lips or face, confusion, or rapidly worsening symptoms require urgent medical evaluation.