Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-term lung condition that causes persistent airflow limitation and makes breathing difficult. It commonly develops gradually and may worsen over time. COPD mainly includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

The most common cause of COPD is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke. Other risk factors may include:

• Exposure to secondhand smoke
• Long-term exposure to air pollution
• Workplace exposure to dust, fumes, or chemicals
• Indoor smoke from cooking or heating
• Repeated respiratory infections
• Genetic factors, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Common Symptoms

COPD symptoms can develop gradually and may include:

• Persistent cough
• Increased mucus or phlegm production
• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness
• Fatigue
• Frequent respiratory infections

Diagnosis

COPD is usually evaluated through a medical history, physical examination, and spirometry, a breathing test that measures how much air a person can inhale and exhale and how quickly they can breathe it out. Additional tests, such as chest imaging or blood tests, may be recommended depending on the individual.

Treatment and Management

Although COPD cannot currently be cured, appropriate treatment can help control symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce flare-ups. Management may include:

• Quitting smoking and avoiding tobacco smoke
• Inhaled medicines such as bronchodilators
• Inhaled corticosteroids for selected patients
• Pulmonary rehabilitation
• Vaccinations to help prevent respiratory infections
• Oxygen therapy for people with low blood oxygen levels
• Regular medical follow-up

COPD Flare-Ups

A COPD exacerbation, or flare-up, occurs when symptoms suddenly become worse. It may be triggered by respiratory infections, air pollution, or other factors. Increased breathlessness, coughing, or changes in mucus should be evaluated promptly.

When to Seek Medical Care

Seek urgent medical attention for severe difficulty breathing, bluish or gray lips or fingertips, confusion, severe chest pain, or a sudden significant worsening of symptoms. Early treatment of COPD flare-ups can help reduce complications.